How to Choose FPV Video Transmitter
Are you a beginner FPV pilot looking to understand how to choose the right video transmitter system and goggles?
This article is packed with valuable knowledge and insight to help you understand the principles of FPV video transmitter. It covers topics such as classification, differences, transmission steps, schematic diagrams, and provides equipment introductions and buying advice for analog VTX and HD VTX systems.
Enhance your FPV experience and avoid common pitfalls with this comprehensive guide.
There are two main types of FPV video transmitter systems: analog and digital.
| Category | Analog VTX | Digital VTX |
|---|---|---|
| Define | Video transmitter via analog signal | Video transmitter via digital signal |
| FPV Signals | Continuous Signal | Discrete Signal |
| Pros | With an affordable price range of $140-$285 ultra-low latency of approximately 3-5 milliseconds and impressive long-range transmission capabilities | With excellent image quality and clear image transmission Offers mainstream 1080p quality with the option of 4K quality |
| Cons | The transmitted image may not be crystal clear, typically reaching around 720p. In addition, the quality of the transmitter, receiver, antenna, and other equipment can vary, requiring significant effort and attention from the pilot. | The complete set comes at a high price of $420-$750 but it's important to note that this is not a universally compatible device. The transmission distance is moderate and there is a relatively high latency of about 30-50ms. |
| Range | 10 km(no absolutes) | 7 km(no absolutes) |
It works by receiving the video signal from the FPV camera and transmitting it wirelessly to the FPV goggles or receiver on the ground.
The VTX takes the analog or digital video signal from the camera and modulates it to a specific radio frequency. This frequency is then transmitted through the VTX antenna to be received by the corresponding receiver. The receiver, such as FPV goggles or a ground station, picks up the transmitted signal and displays the live video feed in real time.
The VTX offers several adjustable settings, including transmit power (measured in milliwatts or watts), frequency channels, and sometimes even the ability to change the video output format (analog or digital). These settings allow pilots to optimize the VTX’s performance based on the specific requirements of their FPV setup, such as adjusting the transmit power to achieve a balance between range and battery consumption.
It’s important to note that the VTX operates within specific frequency bands designated for FPV use to avoid interference with other radio systems. Pilots must ensure that they are using compatible frequencies and comply with local regulations and guidelines regarding FPV transmit power and frequency usage.
Digital FPV systems offer a significant advantage in image quality, surpassing the traditionally softer image of analog systems. The sharpness of a digital FPV image is especially evident when compared to an analog system, such as the noticeably superior feed from a DJI FPV Drone. The improved image quality not only enhances the pilot’s immersion and overall experience, but also helps identify challenging elements such as ghost branches.
Analog Image Quality
An analog camera generates a video signal for each horizontal line, accompanied by a pulse indicating the start of the signal for the next line. The goggles interprets these signals to determine the color, brightness, and contrast of each pixel.
Due to the continuous nature of analog signals, there may be some bleed-over of the signal intended for a particular pixel into its neighboring pixels.
For example, when transitioning from a black pixel to a white pixel in a video line, the analog signal cannot immediately switch to the new color, but instead blends into it.This blending can introduce a gray pixel between the black and white transition, visually reducing sharpness.
You can observe this effect by printing out a camera focus chart and pointing your FPV camera at it. If the black and white are close enough, the camera will show gray. Although digital images can also show this effect to some extent, it is less pronounced.
While some high quality analog cameras can produce sharp images, digital images are still far superior.
Digital Image Quality
Compared to analog systems, digital FPV systems assign specific color, brightness, and contrast information to each pixel individually. Unlike analog systems that merge the information together, digital systems keep the data separate. This separation is achieved by the discrete nature of digital signals.
The quality and range of FPV signals are primarily affected by the quality and placement of the antennas and the accuracy of the VTX in transmitting at the intended frequency.
High-quality analog VTXs provide more accurate transmit frequencies and cleaner signals, resulting in less interference with neighboring channels. Antennas should be designed and tuned for specific frequency ranges.
Some digital VTXs offer dual antennas (diversity) that can be mounted at a 90-degree angle. This setup improves signal quality regardless of the aircraft’s attitude during flight.
First, antennas come in left-handed (LHCP) and right-handed (RHCP) versions, and it’s important to use the same type on both your quadcopter and your goggles. Most analog video pilots use RHCP, so I recommend starting with that.
While there is no performance difference, using the same type as others will allow you to see their feeds on your goggles.
Second, antennas come with different connectors. Goggles usually have SMA or RP-SMA connectors, while video transmitters usually have UFL or MMCX connectors.
It is important to purchase antennas with the same connectors as your goggles and video transmitter.
Finally, never turn on your video transmitter without an antenna attached. Doing so may damage or even destroy the transmitter.
Always make sure an antenna is properly connected before powering up the system.
If your goggles are equipped with a single antenna port, you will only need an omni antenna. However, if your goggles have two antenna ports, it means they support diversity and you will need both an omni antenna and a directional antenna.
The analog vtx system has a variety of options that can be freely combined. Here are some of the devices you can choose from.
CADDXFPV BABY RATEL 2 NANO CAMERA
The Caddx Baby Ratel 2 is a highly recommended FPV camera for those on a budget. Despite its affordable price, it delivers impressive image quality and low latency performance.
The camera captures clear and vibrant footage, ensuring an immersive and enjoyable FPV experience. With its wide dynamic range (WDR) and high resolution, it excels in various lighting conditions, allowing for better visibility and detail.
The compact and lightweight design of the camera makes it easy to install on your drone.
FOXEER CAT 3 MICRO CAMERA
While typical FPV cameras aren’t true night vision cameras, the Foxeer Cat V3 comes close to bridging that gap.
With higher light sensitivity than other FPV cameras, it excels in low-light conditions such as dusk or under a bright moon. Unlike true “starlight” cameras that struggle in daylight, the Cat overcomes this limitation.
Its daytime image quality is still quite usable, though not as good as the top-of-the-line dedicated daylight cameras.
Whether you’re flying at noon or after dark, the Foxeer Micro Cat is the recommended camera for versatility and reliable performance in a variety of lighting conditions.
FOXEER MINI PREDATOR 5 RACING FPV CAMERA
The Foxeer Mini Predator 5 Racing FPV Camera is a popular choice among FPV racers and enthusiasts.
With its compact size and lightweight design, it is suitable for a wide range of racing drones. The camera features 1000TVL resolution and Super WDR function, providing clear and vivid images even in challenging lighting conditions.
Its low latency ensures minimal delay in the transmission of the FPV feed, increasing the pilot’s responsiveness during fast-paced races.
The camera also offers various settings and modes for customization, allowing users to optimize their viewing experience.
RUNCAM PHONENIX 2 NANO JB EDITION
In my opinion, the primary purpose of an FPV camera is to provide the pilot with essential information to fly with greater precision. Therefore, the ideal FPV image may not always be the most visually appealing to viewers.
The Phoenix 2 has been adjusted to increase contrast and brightness, and to optimize dynamic range to reveal detail in both shadowed and highlighted areas. Sharpness was reduced to minimize halos and ghosting.
In addition, Runcam to add digital camera control so that you can adjust camera settings using your flight controller instead of relying on a separate camera joystick during your field sessions.
TBS UNIFY PRO32 HV 25-1000MW, 5.8GHz ANALOG VTX
The Unify Pro32 is the latest version of what many consider to be the best FPV video transmitter available.
It retains all of the renowned features of the Unify series, including clean and reliable power transmission, accurate power ratings, rock-solid reliability, and support for pit mode and SmartAudio.
Though slightly thicker than the original Unify, the Pro32 HV is compact enough to fit into the tightest of spaces.
With an output of 1000mW or potentially more, the Pro32 takes a refreshingly honest approach compared to other vTXs that often advertise nominal power but deliver less.
In addition, it offers remote control via the Crossfire interface, which will prove beneficial to fixed-wing pilots flying without a flight controller.
By connecting the vTX directly to the Crossfire receiver, you can easily adjust the channel and output power using the Crossfire system. This feature is especially valuable since the Unify’s push-button and LED-flash interface is cumbersome to use in the field.
Another notable aspect of the Pro32 is its built-in USB interface, which allows firmware updates and configuration via the TBS Agent X software on a PC. This allows for easy customization and ensures that you stay on top of the latest developments.
FOXEER REAPER EXTREME 2.5W / 5.8 GHZ ANALOG VTX
If you’re looking for greater penetration and range in your video link, the easiest solution is to crank up the power of your vTX. The Foxeer Reaper Extreme delivers an impressive 2.5 watts of power, outperforming other “high-power” vTXs that typically deliver half as much.
So why don’t all vTXs deliver such high power? The answer is heat. High-performance vTXs generate a significant amount of heat, and without proper heat dissipation, they automatically reduce their output power to prevent damage. Some vTXs use bulky heat sinks and built-in fans to solve this problem.
However, Foxeer has managed to create a reasonably sized and moderately weighted vTX that maintains an honest and verified 2.5 watts of power in flight. This means that if you prioritize maximum range and penetration and are willing to invest in it, the Foxeer Reaper Extreme 2.5W is the ideal choice for your needs.
It’s worth noting that 2.5 watts is indeed a substantial amount of power for an analog vTX. However, in terms of RF power and its impact on range, the difference from, say, 1 watt or 800 mW is not as significant as one might expect. Doubling the power generally results in about a 1.4x increase in range, while quadrupling the power results in about a 2x increase in range.
RUSH TANK SOLO 25-1000MW / 5.8GHz ANALOG VTX
For those looking for maximum range, the Rush Tank Solo is worth considering. While its maximum output is simply labeled “MAX,” it is widely reported to exceed 1 watt.
RushFPV video transmitters are known for their exceptional quality, offered at a more affordable price compared to brands like TBS Unify. The Solo’s main drawback is its size, so it’s important to make sure it fits comfortably in your frame before making a purchase decision.
EACHINE TX805 25MW-800MW VTX
The Eachine TX805 is a fantastic budget-friendly VTX choice for affordable builds. While its claimed power rating goes up to 800mW, my tests revealed a slight underperformance at the 600mW and 800mW levels, reaching about 50% lower. However, the 200mW and 25mW levels showed good performance and accurate output.
Although it may not be the optimal option for long-range flights, the maximum output of 400mW is generally sufficient for most situations. At only $19, it even comes with a built-in microphone and a convenient 30x30mm mount, making it an excellent value.
SKYZONE SKY04X V2 FPV Goggles
The SKYZONE SKY04X V2 FPV Goggles with a 1280×960 resolution OLED display(same as HDO2 and Orqa), the goggles provide clear and detailed visuals. The 46 degree field of view enhances the sense of immersion during flights. The built-in DVR allows you to record your FPV footage for later viewing and analysis.
In general, it is often necessary to upgrade the receiver module in FPV goggles to achieve optimal performance. While this is still true for the Sky04X, it comes with the impressive RapidMix module, which offers performance comparable to top-of-the-line options like RapidFire and Fusion.
Adjustable IPD (inter-pupillary distance) and focus ensure a comfortable fit and clear vision for users with different eye distances. The goggles also come with a fan module to prevent fogging and provide better ventilation.
The goggles support HDMI input, so you can connect to external devices for a wider range of FPV applications. And the adjustable headband and foam padding provide a secure and comfortable fit for long FPV sessions.
FATSHARK DOMINATOR HDO 2.1
Analog FPV goggles like the HDO2 offer a different experience than DJI goggles. While they have a similar price point, the HDO2 offers better control response with no noticeable lag.
These goggles feature an impressive OLED screen with vibrant colors, excellent brightness, and an immersive 46° field of view.
They are also compact and lightweight, making them more comfortable to wear than DJI goggles. The on/off mode makes it easy to turn the goggles on with a long press.
The HDO2 allows independent adjustment of IPD and focus, eliminating the need for angled goggles.
The comfortable and ergonomic design ensures a pleasant wearing experience, even during extended use.
Here’s a list of the best budget fpv goggles you might want.
RUSH CHERRY
Rush has built a reputation for producing top-quality, reasonably priced video transmitters, and now they’re applying the same approach to antennas.
While these antennas may not be the cheapest option available, their superior quality and consistency far exceeds that of the “cheapest” antennas.
With a wide range of options available, it’s important to choose the correct polarity (LH or RH-most FPV pilots prefer RH, but DJI defaults to LH) and connector type (MMCX, UFL, SMA, or RPSMA). Keep in mind that not all types are available in every store, so it’s worth shopping around if you can’t find the antenna you want.
XILO AXII
At first glance, the Xilo Axii bears a striking resemblance to the Lumenier Axii. However, the Xilo Axii comes at a significantly lower price.
Now, you may be wondering about the differences between the two. Well, to be honest, it’s a good question. In my personal experience, I tend to go with the Xilo Axii for my own builds, and they have performed admirably. One downside to the Xilo Axii is that it is only available through GetFPV, so international buyers may prefer alternatives like the Rush or Lollipop antennas.
TBS TRIUMPH PRO U.FL & MMCX
The TBS Triumph Pro antennas, available with U.FL and MMCX connectors, offer exceptional performance and durability.
They are an advanced version of the popular TBS Triumph antennas. The Triumph Pro antennas are known for their excellent signal reception and transmission capabilities, making them a top choice among FPV enthusiasts.
Triumph Pro antennas provide a reliable and stable video signal, reducing the risk of video dropouts or interference.
With a wide range of connector options available, including U.FL and MMCX, these antennas are compatible with a variety of FPV systems and goggles.
Your choice of connector will depend on your specific setup and equipment requirements. TBS Triumph Pro antennas are preferred by many pilots for their high quality construction, consistent performance and ease of installation.
Whether you are racing or freestyling, TBS Triumph Pro antennas deliver reliable signal strength for improved video reception and a better flying experience.
These antennas are a popular choice for both beginners and experienced FPV pilots who value performance and reliability in their aerial adventures.
TRUERC X-AIR MK. II
With 10 dB of gain and a 120 degree beam, it strikes the perfect balance between extended coverage in front of you and maintaining a wider field of view so you don’t lose reception every time you turn your head.
Its directional capabilities ensure increased signal strength in the desired direction, enhancing your FPV experience.
LUMENIER AXII PATCH
This patch antenna is an excellent choice for head mounted goggles. Compared to the X-Air, the Axii has a slightly lower gain.
However, lower gain doesn’t necessarily mean lower performance. It’s like saying a smaller shoe is better.
The Axii has a wider coverage pattern, providing slightly less penetration directly in front, but an extended range to the sides. The X-Air, on the other hand, has a more focused coverage pattern that provides more penetration up front and less coverage to the sides.
A notable benefit of the Axii is its compact size, which helps keep your eyewear sleek and less bulky.
In the past, FPV flying was limited to analog video, which offered low resolution and poor signal quality similar to old TV broadcasts.
However, as technology advanced, there was a demand for digital HD systems in FPV. Fortunately, digital FPV systems are now available. Now that you have decided to go with a digital system, you may be wondering which one is best for your needs.
CADDX NEBULA PRO DIGITAL FPV CAMERA
In 2021, the Caddx Nebula Pro has become widely popular as an HD FPV camera, offering impressive image quality with 720p resolution and 60fps frame rate.
It stands out from cameras like the Polar or Nano with features like a low latency mode, flexible aspect ratio options (4:3 and 16:9), and various camera settings.
While the Polar may excel in low light conditions, the Nebula Pro delivers superior overall performance and has earned a strong reputation among FPV pilots.
DJI O3 AIR CAMERA MODULE
I absolutely love the DJI O3 system for its exceptional built-in stabilization, impressive range and outstanding penetration capabilities.
WALKSNAIL AVATAR HD CAMERA
The WALKSNAIL Avatar HD camera is an excellent option for FPV enthusiasts. It delivers high-definition image quality with 1080P resolution and a wide 170° field of view for immersive visuals. With its 19x19mm mounting holes, it easily fits into most FPV frames.
In addition, the WALKSNAIL Avatar HD PRO, a sibling version of the camera, offers an impressive 1080P/120fps high frame rate and 160° FOV, making it the first high frame rate night vision HD camera available in the FPV market.
These features make the WALKSNAIL Avatar HD Series a compelling choice for those looking to elevate their FPV experience.
HDZERO FREESTYLE 1W VTX
The Freestyle vTX, part of the HDZero system, boasts a remarkable 1 watt power output and offers exceptional range and penetration capabilities. However, due to its larger size and weight, it may not be the best choice for smaller builds.
For regulatory compliance, the vTX is initially set to a maximum output power of 200mW, but can be unlocked to unleash the full 1W of power by following the procedure outlined in the manual.
Please note that HDZero cameras must be purchased separately from the vTX. The Freestyle vTX includes a right-hand polarized antenna for optimal signal reception. In addition, the vTX features a convenient 30mm square mounting size that is compatible with many larger flight controllers.
WALKSNAIL AVATAR VTX V2
The V2 version of the Walksnail vTX retains the core features and performance of the V1, ensuring consistent range, penetration and image quality.
However, notable enhancements include the option of 32GB of on-board video storage, a significant upgrade from the 8GB available in the V1. In addition, the V2 introduces two new camera options: the Pro and the V2.
In terms of design, the V2 vTX includes convenient solder pads next to the connector for added reliability or in case of connector failure. The antenna retention screws on the V2 are full size, eliminating the inconvenience of the microscopic screws used on the V1. With 20mm mounting holes, the V2 offers better compatibility with a wider range of frames.
However, it’s important to note that the V2 has different sized power and USB connectors than the V1, which requires re-soldering of the wiring harness when moving from a V1 build to a V2.
Finally, the V2 simplifies installation by using a single antenna instead of two, making for a simpler setup process.
WALKSNAIL STANDALONE VRX
Walksnail’s standalone vRX allows any goggle with an HDMI input to receive signals from a Walksnail video transmitter. By transmitting video to the goggles through an HDMI input, it ensures compatibility with any goggle that accepts a 720p or 1080p input.
This is a significant benefit for users who already own functional goggles and want to explore the Walksnail system.
While the vRX offers the same features and performance as Walksnail goggles, there are potential trade-offs to consider. Some goggles may introduce additional latency to the HDMI input or their displays.
In addition, most goggles do not support the display of a 100 fps signal, so Walksnail operates at a maximum of 60 fps, which adds approximately 10 ms of latency.
DJI O3 AIR UNIT TRANSMISSION MODULE
With its compact and lightweight design, the O3 Air Unit transmission module is easy to install and suitable for various FPV setups.
It features advanced frequency hopping technology that ensures a strong and interference-free signal even in crowded environments.
The transmission range is impressive, providing reliable video transmitter over long distances.
DJI GOGGLES 2
Price: $649 at Getfpv
The DJI Goggles 2, which will be introduced alongside the Avata drone in late 2022, serve as the successor to the DJI FPV Goggles V2. They feature a more compact and lightweight design compared to the V2 Goggles. The inclusion of 1080p OLED screens enhances the visual experience with richer, brighter and more vibrant images.
The standout feature of the Goggles 2 is its compatibility with DJI’s advanced OcuSync V3 protocol. This enhanced protocol delivers superior performance with its 1080p resolution, surpassing the previous generation’s 720p or 810p standards. Remarkably, Goggles 2 offers even greater range and penetration capabilities, further enhancing the FPV experience.
The DJI Goggles 2 is equipped with a 2S battery pack, providing approximately 2 hours of battery life for extended use. Most notably, it now includes a full Betaflight OSD, which allows you to view various parameters directly on the goggles.
This eliminates the need to connect your drone to a computer or phone, and allows for convenient OSD setup through the goggles’ menu.
DJI Goggles 2 also introduces a cable that connects directly to a phone or tablet for real-time screen monitoring. Simply plug the goggles into the DJI FLY app for seamless integration and monitoring.
With these enhancements, DJI Goggles 2 offers improved functionality and convenience, ensuring an immersive FPV experience without the hassle of additional connections or setups.
WALKSNAIL AVATAR GOGGLES
The Avatar FPV goggle features high-end specifications with a 1920×1080 OLED screen that operates at a smooth 100Hz refresh rate.
With a comfortable 46-degree field of view, it provides an immersive experience without compromising your peripheral vision.
The goggles also offer focus adjustment from -2 to +6 diopters to accommodate users with varying visual acuity, eliminating the need for corrective lenses.
In addition, the Avatar Eyewear supports USB-to-HDMI video output for effortless mirroring of the video feed to external displays or HDMI capture devices. This feature makes it easy to share or record your FPV footage, increasing versatility and usability.
HDZERO GOGGLES
The HDZero goggle provides an unparalleled experience for users of the HDZero system. However, it also excels as an analog goggle and walksnail goggle.
For HDZero system users, the HDZero goggle’s 90 fps screens seamlessly integrate with the 90 fps camera for an unparalleled experience. With end-to-end transmission synchronization, the goggles maintain a consistent and locked latency of 14 ms with 90 fps updates. This results in an exceptionally smooth and connected experience that outperforms even analog systems in terms of latency.
While the HDZero goggle is optimized for Walksnail, it remains a viable choice for those who want to fly both Walksnail and other systems, such as analog or HDZero.
FAT SHARK DOMINATOR GOGGLES
The Fat Shark Dominator goggles offer a customizable fit with optional faceplate pad accessories, allowing users to find the most comfortable and secure fit for their needs. The goggles also feature HD video output via a USB-C connector, providing high-quality video transmitter for an immersive FPV experience.
They support Betaflight Canvas Mode, which allows users to display custom graphics and OSD information directly on the goggle screens. Adjustable anti-fog vents help prevent fogging and ensure clear vision during flights. The goggles also feature an on/off power button for convenient operation.
With a built-in HD DVR, users can easily record and review their FPV flights. The goggles come with an XT60 power cable for easy power connection and a goggle strap for a secure fit.
TBS Unify Pro32 HV Analog VTX：
The TBS Unify Pro32 HV is a versatile premium VTX that offers accurate power levels, clean signal transmission and excellent reliability. With its compact design and up to 1000mW output power, it is well suited for various applications such as long distance flying, racing, or casual freestyle. In addition, the VTX supports TBS Crossfire systems, allowing users to conveniently adjust channels and power levels through the Crossfire receiver, making it especially useful for pilots without a flight controller or Betaflight OSD, such as fixed-wing pilots.
Rush Tank MAX SOLO (2.5W) / SOLO (1.6W) VTX：
The RushFPV Tank Solo is a top choice for long-range pilots looking for powerful VTX options.
It is available in two versions: the SOLO with up to 1.6W output power and the MAX SOLO with up to 2.5W output power.
These VTX units feature heavy-duty CNC aluminum heat sinks to ensure optimal output power and prevent performance degradation due to overheating.
While the SOLO is fanless, making it lighter and more compact, the MAX SOLO offers maximum power output.
Eachine TX805 VTX：
The Eachine TX805 VTX is a reliable and budget-friendly option for FPV enthusiasts. It offers a maximum output power of 800mW, providing sufficient signal strength for most situations.
With its built-in microphone and easy installation, the TX805 VTX is a great value for those looking for an affordable and functional video transmitter.
DJI O3 Air Unit / DJI Air Unit:
Ideal for users who value high-definition images, stable image transmission and value retention.
Caddxfpv WALKSNAIL Avatar HD System:
Ideal for users looking for a compact VTX and goggles, especially for indoor flying with 2-3 inch drones. These goggles offer slightly higher specifications than the DJI FPV Goggles V2 at a similar price.
HDZERO HD System:
Perfect for professional speed pilots and users with demanding FPV screen latency requirements. HDZERO is the first choice for HD VTX systems.
Analog goggles with external digital receiver:
Recommended for users who already own analog goggles with HDMI input. This setup allows for the integration of external digital receivers.
Consider these options based on your preferences and requirements for an immersive HD FPV experience.
If your budget is enough:
HD digital video transmitter system 》cheap analog video transmitter system 》expensive analog video transmitter system
For the best budget:
Cheap analog video transmitter system 》HD digital video transmitter system 》expensive analog video transmitter system
When choosing an FPV VTX system, there are several key points to consider.
First, it is important to recognize that HD digital video transmitter systems are the prevailing trend and offer superior image quality. Secondly, low latency remains a constant priority as it enhances the real-time experience.
In addition, the decreasing price of VTX systems makes them more accessible and in line with the ongoing trend of affordability.
Finally, the entry of multiple brands into the market is beneficial to consumers as it encourages competition and provides more options to choose from.
By considering these factors, you can make an informed decision when choosing an FPV VTX system.
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